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Origins of Mind

A Dual Process Theory of Mindreading

Lecturer: Stephen A. Butterfill

According to a (modest) dual process theory, there are two (or more) mindreading processes which are distinct in this sense: the conditions which influence whether they occur, and which outputs they generate, do not completely overlap.

Slides

Notes

What is a dual-process theory? In general, a modest dual-process theory claims just this:

Two (or more) mindreading processes are distinct: the conditions which influence whether they occur, and which outputs they generate, do not completely overlap.

A key feature of this dual process theory is its theoretical modesty: it involves no a priori commitments concerning the particular characteristics of the processes. Identifying characteristics of the process is a matter of discovery. Further, their characteristics may vary across domains. The characteristics that distinguish processes involved in goal tracking may not entirely overlap with those that distinguish processes involved in segmenting physical objects and representing them as persisting, for example.

homemade Figure: A modest dual-process theory claims only that two or more processes are distinct Source: homemade

In the case of mindreading, we can elaborate a dual-process theory by starting with automaticity, as this is one of the most-studied features, and add a claim about signature limits which appears to be partially supported by the available evidence:

Dual Process Theory of Mindreading. Automatic and nonautomatic mindreading processes are independent in this sense: different conditions influence whether they occur and which ascriptions they generate (see Automatic Mindreading in Adults); and the automatic processes only rely on a minimal model of minds and actions (see Signature Limits).

A Developmental Theory

  1. Automatic and nonautomatic mindreading processes both occur from the first year of life onwards.
  2. The model of minds and actions underpinning automatic mindreading process does not significantly change over development.
  3. In the first three or four years of life, nonautomatic mindreading processes involve relatively crude models of minds and actions, models which do not enable belief tracking.
  4. What changes over development is typically just that the model underpinning nonautomatic mindreading becomes gradually more sophisticated and eventually comes to enable belief tracking.

Objections

Christensen and Michael argue that the dual process theory is less well supported overall than an alternative:

‘A cooperative multi-system architecture is better able to explain infant belief representation than a parallel architecture, and causal representation, schemas and models provide a more promising basis for flexible belief representation than does a rule-based approach of the kind described by Butterfill and Apperly’ (Christensen & Michael, 2016; see also Michael & Christensen, 2016; Michael, Christensen, & Overgaard, 2013).

Glossary

minimal model of minds and actions : A model specified by a minimal theory of mind.
minimal theory of mind : A theory of the mental in which: (a) mental states are assigned functional roles that can be readily codified; and, (b), the contents of mental states can be distinguished by things which, like locations, shapes and colours, can be held in mind using some kind of quality space or feature map.

References

Adolphs, R. (2010). Conceptual challenges and directions for social neuroscience. Neuron, 65(6), 752–767. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.006
Christensen, W., & Michael, J. (2016). From two systems to a multi-systems architecture for mindreading. New Ideas in Psychology, 40, 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2015.01.003
Keren, G., & Schul, Y. (2009). Two is not always better than one. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(6), 533–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01164.x
Low, J., Edwards, K., & Butterfill, S. A. (2020). Visibly constraining an agent modulates observers’ automatic false-belief tracking. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 11311. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68240-7
Michael, J., & Christensen, W. (2016). Flexible goal attribution in early mindreading. Psychological Review, 123(2), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000016
Michael, J., Christensen, W., & Overgaard, S. (2013). Mindreading as social expertise. Synthese, 191(5), 817–840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-013-0295-z
Qureshi, A., Apperly, I. A., & Samson, D. (2010). Executive function is necessary for perspective selection, not level-1 visual perspective calculation: Evidence from a dual-task study of adults. Cognition, 117(2), 230–236.
Todd, A. R., Cameron, C. D., & Simpson, A. (2016). Dissociating processes underlying level-1 visual perspective taking in adults. Cognition, in press.