The CLSTX Hypothesis: Object Indexes Underpin Infants’ Abilities

Lecturer: Stephen A. Butterfill

How do four- and five-month-olds track briefly occluded objects? One hypothesis is that their abilities to do so depend on a system of object indexes like that which underpins multiple object tracking or object-specific preview benefits.

Slides

If the slides are not working, or you prefer them full screen, please try this link

Notes

References

Carey, S. (2009). The origin of concepts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Carey, S., & Xu, F. (2001). Infants’ knowledge of objects: Beyond object files and object tracking. Cognition, 80, 179–213.

Flombaum, J. I., & Scholl, B. J. (2006). A temporal same-object advantage in the tunnel effect: facilitated change detection for persisting objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 32(4), 840–853. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.32.4.840

Flombaum, J. I., Scholl, B. J., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2008). Attentional resources in visual tracking through occlusion: The high-beams effect. Cognition, 107(3), 904–931.

Franconeri, S. L., Pylyshyn, Z. W., & Scholl, B. J. (2012). A simple proximity heuristic allows tracking of multiple objects through occlusion. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74(4), 691–702. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-011-0265-9

Hollingworth, A., & Franconeri, S. L. (2009). Object correspondence across brief occlusion is established on the basis of both spatiotemporal and surface feature cues. Cognition, 113(2), 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.004

Horowitz, T. S., Birnkrant, R. S., Fencsik, D. E., Tran, L., & Wolfe, J. M. (2006). How do we track invisible objects? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(3), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193879

Horowitz, T. S., & Cohen, M. A. (2010). Direction information in multiple object tracking is limited by a graded resource. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72(7), 1765–1775. https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.7.1765

Howe, P. D. L., & Holcombe, A. O. (2012). Motion information is sometimes used as an aid to the visual tracking of objects. Journal of Vision, 12(13), 10. https://doi.org/10.1167/12.13.10

Kahneman, D., Treisman, A., & Gibbs, B. J. (1992). The reviewing of object files: Object-specific integration of information. Cognitive Psychology, 24, 175–219.

Kaufman, J., Csibra, G., & Johnson, M. H. (2005). Oscillatory activity in the infant brain reflects object maintenance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(42), 15271–15274. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507626102

Keane, B. P., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2006). Is motion extrapolation employed in multiple object tracking? Tracking as a low-level, non-predictive function. Cognitive Psychology, 52(4), 346–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.12.001

Leslie, A. M., Xu, F., Tremoulet, P. D., & Scholl, B. J. (1998). Indexing and the object concept: Developing ’what’ and ’where’ systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2(1).

McCurry, S., Wilcox, T., & Woods, R. (2009). Beyond the search barrier: A new task for assessing object individuation in young infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 32(4), 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.07.002

Mitroff, S. R., & Alvarez, G. A. (2007). Space and time, not surface features, guide object persistence. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(6), 1199–1204. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193113

Moore, C. M., Stephens, T., & Hein, E. (2010). Features, as well as space and time, guide object persistence. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(5), 731–736. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.5.731

Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1989). The role of location indexes in spatial perception: A sketch of the FINST spatial-index model. Cognition, 32(1), 65–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(89)90014-0

Pylyshyn, Z. W., & Storm, R. W. (1988). Tracking multiple independent targets: Evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism. Spatial Vision, 3(3), 179–197.

Richardson, D. C., & Kirkham, N. Z. (2004). Multimodal events and moving locations: Eye movements of adults and 6-month-olds reveal dynamic spatial indexing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 46–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.46

Scholl, B. J., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1999). Tracking multiple items through occlusion : Clues to visual objecthood. Cognitive Psychology, 38(2), 259–290. Retrieved from http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN\&cpsidt=1723632

Scholl, Brian J. (2007). Object Persistence in Philosophy and Psychology. Mind & Language, 22(5), 563–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2007.00321.x

Scholl, Brian J. (2009). What have we learned about attention from multiple-object tracking (and vice versa)? In Computation, cognition, and Pylyshyn (pp. 49–77). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Scholl, Brian J., & Leslie, A. M. (1999). Explaining the infant’s object concept: Beyond the perception/cognition dichotomy. In E. LePore & Z. W. Pylyshyn (Eds.), What is cognitive science? (pp. 26–73). Oxford: Blackwell.

Wilcox, T. (1999). Object individuation: Infants’ use of shape, size, pattern, and color. Cognition, 72(2), 125–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00035-9

Wilcox, T., & Chapa, C. (2002). Infants’ reasoning about opaque and transparent occluders in an individuation task. Cognition, 85(1), B1–B10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00055-0

Xu, F., & Carey, S. (1996). Infants’ metaphysics: The case of numerical identity. Cognitive Psychology, 30(2), 111–153. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1996.0005